Note: All accepted submissions (abstracts and letters) will be given a 15-minute oral presentation slot, including questions and answers. In addition, authors are encouraged to also prepare a poster (A0, portrait orientation) of their research. Poster stands will be available in the conference room throughout the workshop to facilitate prolonged and structured discussions with the community, especially during coffee breaks.
Programme at a Glance
Wednesday · 15 April
Founders Hall
Thursday · 16 April
Founders Hall
Friday · 17 April
Tower 2nd Floor
08:30 – 09:15Registration
09:15 – 09:30Welcome & Opening
09:30 – 10:30Opening Keynote
Metin Sitti
Koç University
10:30 – 11:00Coffee Break
11:00 – 12:30Technical Session 1
MC Testbeds & Experimental Platforms
12:30 – 14:00Lunch
14:00 – 16:00Tutorial
Andreani Odysseos
EPOS-Iasis
16:00 – 16:30Coffee Break
16:30 – 17:45Technical Session 2
Biomedical MC & Therapeutic Applications
08:30 – 09:00Registration
09:00 – 10:00Keynote
Yuval Elani
Imperial College London
10:00 – 10:30Coffee Break
10:30 – 11:45Technical Session 3
Biological MC & Bio-Inspired Computing
11:45 – 13:15Lunch
13:15 – 14:00Keynote
Yansha Deng Online
King’s College London
14:00 – 14:30Coffee Break
14:30 – 16:00Technical Session 4
MC Channel Modeling & Detection
16:00 – 16:10Short Break
16:10 – 16:50Ideation Session
17:00 – 18:00Research Center/Lab Visit
Koç University
08:30 – 09:00Registration
09:00 – 10:00Invited Talk
Levent Beker
Koç University
10:00 – 10:30Coffee Break
10:30 – 12:00Technical Session 5
Airborne, Plant & Environmental MC
12:00 – 12:15Closing & Handover
12:15 – 13:15Lunch
EveningInformal Get-Together
Timothy’s Yenikoy
EveningSocial Dinner
Therapia Restaurant Tarabya
Day 1 — Wednesday, 15 April 2026 | Founders Hall
Daily Programme
08:30 – 09:15 Registration
09:15 – 09:30 Welcome & Opening Remarks
09:30 – 10:30 Opening Keynote: Small-scale Medical Robots down to Cell Size inside Our Body
Metin Sitti, Koç University
10:30 – 11:00 Coffee Break
11:00 – 12:30 Technical Session 1: MC Testbeds & Experimental PlatformsChair: Sebastian Lotter
11:00
Density Matters: The Effect of SPION Sedimentation on Molecular Communication
K. Xiao, L.C.P. Wille, D. Fleischhauer, S. Lotter, S. Lyer, D. Drummer, G. Fischer, J. Kirchner
Abstract: Superparamagnetic iron-oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) have emerged as promising information carriers in the field of molecular communication (MC). However, a critical discrepancy exists between theoretical models and experimental realities: while theoretical frameworks typically assume neutral buoyancy and neglect gravitational forces, practical implementations suffer from significant gravity-induced sedimentation. This oversight leads to substantial prediction errors and system unreliability. To address this, we developed an experimental testbed featuring a vertically oriented bifurcated channel, specifically designed to isolate and quantify the impact of gravity on signal propagation. Our experimental results empirically demonstrate that sedimentation causes significant deviations in channel signal impulses, contradicting the ideal assumptions found in existing literature. Furthermore, we provide a theoretical explanation based on hydrodynamic instability to clarify the mechanisms driving this settling behaviour. This work highlights the necessity of incorporating gravitational effects into system modelling to ensure accurate performance assessment in realistic MC environments.
11:15
Graphene Hall Sensor-Based Receiver for Magnetic Droplet-Based Communications
M.K. Zadeh, E. Akyol, A. Azmoudeh, M. Uzun, A. Abdali, M. Kuscu
Abstract: We present the first graphene Hall-effect receiver for magnetic droplet-based communications. By integrating a graphene Hall cross beneath a PDMS microfluidic channel, the device detects passing ferrofluid droplets and distinguishes their sizes through pulse width measurements of Hall voltage changes. The sensor demonstrates linear response across a wide magnetic field range and reliably differentiates droplets generated at varying pressures, validating its potential as a scalable receiver for magnetic droplet-based communication systems.
11:30
Multispectral Optical Sensor Architecture for SPION Detection in Fluidic Testbeds
L. Kroll, A. Hemmis, J. Thiem, S. Lyer, J. Kirchner
Abstract: In this work a compact multispectral optical sensor architecture for the real-time detection of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) in fluidic testbeds is presented. The system is based on a 14-channel AS7343 spectral sensor and integrates transmissive and reflective illumination for inline measurements in tubular flow channels. A calibration procedure is introduced to optimize illumination, gain, and exposure parameters with respect to detection sensitivity and sampling rate. Static measurements demonstrate high signal-to-noise ratios for visible wavelength bands between 515 nm and 640 nm across a wide range of exposure times. Dynamic injection experiments with varying SPION volumes show robust detection performance with consistently high peak-to-noise ratios and only minor degradation of dynamic range for decreased injection volumes. These results indicate that the proposed sensor is well suited for time-resolved SPION monitoring and provides a reliable basis for future concentration estimation and closed-loop magnetic drug targeting testbeds.
11:45
A Quadrature Amplitude Modulation for a Color-Based Molecular Communication Testbed
P. Zhou, P. Hofmann, M.F.S. Anoy, R. Zheng, M. Schottlender, F. Rani, J.A. Cabrera, F.H.P. Fitzek
Abstract: This paper presents a color-based microfluidic molecular communication (MC) testbed that experimentally demonstrates quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) transmission using dual-dye signaling. Two distinct food dyes with different absorption characteristics are injected through independently controlled syringe pumps, and their concentrations are reconstructed from red, green, blue (RGB) measurements captured by a commercial-off-the-shelf camera. An absorbance-based estimation model is developed to obtain the dye concentrations, and the experimentally measured channel impulse responses (CIRs) reveal strong inter-symbol interference (ISI) and cross-dye coupling. We designed a two-dimensional molecular constellation in which each symbol is represented by a pair of dye concentrations, enabling 4-QAM and 16-QAM transmission within a microfluidic environment. Detection is performed using the minimum Euclidean distance (MED) and maximum likelihood sequence estimation (MLSE). Experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of applying QAM to MC within a microfluidic environment. The measured dye-concentration constellations exhibit systematic distortions and non-uniform spacing compared to conventional electromagnetic QAM, highlighting the unique physical characteristics of molecular transport. Using these experimentally obtained constellations, MED and MLSE detectors are evaluated, and MLSE is shown to reduce symbol error ratio (SER) by leveraging the channel memory introduced by microfluidic ISI.
12:00
Magnetic SPION Retention in Asymmetric Vascular Bifurcation Models
D. Fleischhauer, S. Schlicht, D. Drummer
Abstract: Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) represent an emerging platform in various fields of nanomedicine. In particular, nanoparticle-based drug delivery techniques that exploit the magnetic properties of SPIONs for targeted transport and accumulation in tumor tissue show considerable promise for cancer therapy. The development of such approaches requires a detailed understanding of how hydrodynamic particle transport, magnetically induced forces, and vascular geometry interact. In this work, we investigate the transient, geometry-induced distribution of SPIONs in generalized vascular structures under magnetic steering. Using statistical scaling laws and empirical data, asymmetric vascular geometries were derived, exhibiting characteristic asymmetry-related vessel diameters. These generalized vascular structures were fabricated via digital light processing (DLP) additive manufacturing and were subsequently tested under varying flow rates and magnetic steering conditions. Optical in situ measurements based on the extinction of transmitted light demonstrated a significant influence of flow rate and daughter-vessel diameter on transient particle distribution. Since magnetic forces depend on both the underlying flow field and local SPION concentration, these findings suggest an artery-size-dependent boundary for effective magnetic steering under given magnetic conditions.
12:15
The Potential of Spatially Detecting SPIONs Using Multiple Sensor Coils
P. Wolff, L.C.P. Wille, S. Lyer, J. Kirchner
Abstract: Detecting magnetic nanoparticles with inductive sensor coils is a proven, feasible and cost-efficient method. Recently, molecular communication in fluids, primarily vascular system models, has been investigated. The one-sensor approach is useful for determining the presence of superparamagnetic iron-oxide nanoparticles in the vicinity of the sensor. However, distinguishing between a small number of particles close to the sensor and a greater number further away remains problematic. To solve this, spatial detection using multiple sensors is investigated. This opens up the possibility of utilizing spatial information in a communication context, as well as enabling imaging options that display the particle distribution over the cross-sectional area of the channel. In consequence, the concentration can be determined with greater precision. The stability of the sensors is investigated, proving the reliability of reference scales for the shift to concentration relation. Nonetheless, the presented approach is subject to several limitations and factors that must be considered in future work. To conclude the presented work, it can be said that advances could be achieved in the position and concentration determination of SPIONs, as well as a structured investigation on sensor stability.
12:30 – 14:00 Lunch
14:00 – 16:00 Tutorial: A Fantastic Voyage to Next-Generation Molecular Communications: Navigating from Theoretical Concepts to a Clinically-applicable Technology
Andreani Odysseos, EPOS-Iasis
Part 1: Lecture | Part 2: Interactive Session
16:00 – 16:30 Coffee Break
16:30 – 17:45 Technical Session 2: Biomedical MC & Therapeutic ApplicationsChair: Stefan Angerbauer
16:30
Physical Limits of Proximal Tumor Detection via MAGE-A Extracellular Vesicles
A.S. Okcu, M.E. Bas, O.B. Akan
Abstract: Early cancer detection relies on invasive tissue biopsies or liquid biopsies limited by biomarker dilution. In contrast, tumour-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) carrying biomarkers like melanoma-associated antigen-A (MAGE-A) are highly concentrated in the peri-tumoral interstitial space, offering a promising near-field target. However, at micrometre scales, EV transport is governed by stochastic diffusion in a low-copy-number regime, increasing the risk of false negatives. We theoretically assess the feasibility of a smart-needle sensor detecting MAGE-A–positive microvesicles near a tumour. We use a hybrid framework combining particle-based Brownian dynamics (Smoldyn) to quantify stochastic arrival and false-negative probabilities, and a reaction–diffusion PDE for mean concentration profiles. Formulating detection as a threshold-based binary hypothesis test, we find a maximum feasible detection radius of ≈ 275 µm for a 6000 s sensing window. These results outline the physical limits of proximal EV-based detection and inform the design of minimally invasive peri-tumoral sensors.
16:45
Semantic Information in Molecular Communication–Based Drug Delivery Systems
M. Lekic, L. Brand, M. Zoofaghari, I. Balasingham, M. Veletic Online
Abstract: We are employing semantic information theory to quantify how much information about treatment parameters is functionally relevant for achieving a desired therapeutic outcome in a drug delivery system. The framework is evaluated through a simulation study of a focused ultrasound (FUS)–mediated drug delivery system.
17:00
Preliminary Implementation of Entropy-Driven Tumor Detection within a Blood Vessel Network
B. Hedayati, K.R. Gorla, Y. Sun, Y. Chen, M. Magarini
Abstract: Targeted Drug Delivery (TDD) is a promising approach to improve cancer treatment. However, TDD suffers from a lack of spatial selectivity and suboptimal outcomes. In this paper, we explore the idea of applying the hybrid entropy-driven transport mechanism for a nanoscale medical agent (NMA) within a bio-realistic tumor microenvironment model. By generating structured and realistic Biological Gradient Fields (BGFs) around a tumor, we aim to address a TDD approximation in real-time. Ensemble simulations performed for both vascular and avascular Tumor Micro Environments (TME) demonstrate that within the vascular tumor TME, the NMA exhibits greater efficacy and efficiency. Though preliminary, this strategy of emulating a biologically feasible multiphysics platform with a readily integrable transport algorithm is promising for developing biologically realistic testbeds.
17:15
Toward Clinically-Inspired Validation of ML-Driven Source Localization in Molecular Communication
S. Pal, R. Wendt, C. Khandanpour, M. Sieren, S. Fischer, F. Dressler
Abstract: Accurate localization of tumor sources in the human circulatory system is essential for precision oncology. In prior work, we developed a machine learning (ML) framework to localize anomaly sources using temporal biomarker profiles measured at receiver sites. However, the dataset was generated in a generic source-receiver setting, limiting physiological realism. This work-in-progress paper extends the framework by validating the ML model on a clinically-inspired dataset that emulates endocrine signaling in a controlled synthetic environment. The model is retrained and evaluated using a stratified held-out split with 25% reserved for testing. Preliminary results show an accuracy of ~90%, indicating the potential of ML-driven approaches for tumor source localization in clinically relevant molecular communication settings.
17:30
Therapeutic Nanonetworks for Brain Tumors Enabled by Cell-Based Nanobiodevice Interfaces
A. Odysseos, K. Agathangelou, A. Bilal, T. Christofi, S. Iezekiel, C. Pitris
Abstract: The evolution of Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) is defined by the dynamics of distinct cell sub-populations growing bionanomachine networks in an interplay between “senders” or “transceivers” and “receivers”. Central to this process are the inter-communications between sub-cellular bionanomachines secreted by GBM cells in the form of exosomes. Herein we present a dynamic therapeutic nanonetwork of genetically engineered and radiofrequency-responsive active bionanomachines where neural stem cells and exosome cargo therapeutic nucleic acids serve as externally controllable transducer bionanomachines. Interfaces derived from the intercoupling of optically active bionanomachines in co-cultures of tumor cells and therapeutic exosomes exposed to rationally designed RF generators provided a pioneering inmessaging interface for external control of molecular nanonetworks.
Evening Informal Get-Together
Timothy’s Yenikoy
Day 2 — Thursday, 16 April 2026 | Founders Hall
Daily Programme
08:30 – 09:00 Registration
09:00 – 10:00 Keynote: Building Synthetic Versions of Living Cells: The Role of Engineered Inter and Intra-Cellular Communication Pathways
Yuval Elani, Imperial College London
10:00 – 10:30 Coffee Break
10:30 – 11:45 Technical Session 3: Biological MC & Bio-Inspired ComputingChair: Maximilian Schaefer
10:30
Neural-Inspired Multi-Agent Molecular Communication Networks for Collective Intelligence
B.A. Kilic, O.B. Akan Online
Abstract: Molecular Communication (MC) is a pivotal enabler for the Internet of Bio-Nano Things (IoBNT). However, current research often relies on highly capable individual agents with complex transceiver architectures that defy the energy and processing constraints of realistic nanomachines. This paper proposes a paradigm shift towards collective intelligence, inspired by the cortical networks of the biological brain. We introduce a decentralized network architecture where simple nanomachines interact via a diffusive medium using a threshold-based firing mechanism modeled by Greenberg-Hastings (GH) cellular automata. We derive fixed-point equations for steady-state populations via mean-field analysis and validate them against stochastic simulations. We demonstrate that tuning the activation threshold allows the network to exhibit critical transition-like behavior, maximizing susceptibility across the swarm.
10:45
Topology-Dependent Communication and Computing in Bioengineered Neuronal Networks
J. Mullett, A. Mohr, R. Scherer, M. Barros
Abstract: Bioengineered neuronal systems are increasingly explored as living computational substrates, yet their communication properties remain poorly characterized beyond global activity statistics. We develop a mechanosensitivity model of neuronal networks and a MIMO communication system under noisy channel with the aim to quantify trade-offs between communications and computing in bioengineered neuronal systems. Using a mechanosensitive Izhikevich network model with time-varying substrate stiffness, we compare random, clustered, and disintegrated topologies under matched stimulation. Communication is quantified using transfer entropy, achievable mutual information rate from binned spike observations, and information redundancy. Computing is measured as the receiver-level separability metric posed as a transmitter-identification task. Across noise levels, clustered networks more consistently maintain higher achievable rates and exhibit more concentrated separability than random and disintegrated substrates. Our results demonstrate that our method to quantify the communication and computing trade-offs are informative metrics for bioengineered intelligence performance and optimization.
11:00
Hybrid Artificial-Living Cell Collectives for Wetware Computing
C. Savas, M. Javed, M. Kuscu
Abstract: Living systems continuously sense, integrate, and act on chemical information using multiscale biochemical networks whose dynamics are inherently nonlinear, adaptive, and energy-efficient. Yet, most attempts to harness such “wetware” for external computational tasks have centered on neural tissue and electrical interfaces, leaving the information-processing potential of non-neural collectives comparatively underexplored. In this letter, we study a hybrid artificial–living cell network in which programmable artificial cells write time-varying inputs into a biochemical microenvironment, while a living bacterial collective provides the nonlinear spatiotemporal dynamics required for temporal information processing. Specifically, artificial cells transduce an external input sequence into the controlled secretion of attractant and repellent molecules, thereby modulating the “local biochemical context” that bacteria naturally sense and respond to. The resulting collective bacterial dynamics, together with the evolving molecular fields, form a high-dimensional reservoir state that is sampled coarsely (voxel-wise) and mapped to outputs through a trained linear readout within a physical reservoir computing framework. Using an agent-based in silico model, we evaluate the proposed hybrid reservoir on the Mackey–Glass chaotic time-series prediction benchmark. The system achieves normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) values of approximately 0.33–0.40 for prediction horizons H = 1 to 5, and exhibits measurable short-term memory as encoded in the distributed spatiotemporal patterns of bacteria and biochemicals. These results motivate the future exploration of non-neural hybrid cell networks for in situ temporal signal processing towards novel biomedical applications.
11:15
Towards T-Cell Based Bio-Robots: Synergy between Molecular Communications and Bio-Mechanics
S. Angerbauer, M. Gattringer, A. Springer, W. Haselmayr
Abstract: In this paper, we report on our ongoing work in the field of bio-inspired micro robotics. We discuss, how different scientific disciplines, including molecular communications, have to be combined to realize systems capable of tasks like tumor clearance and pathogen elimination.
11:30
Spatiotemporal Modeling of Chemotactic cAMP Signaling by Secretion and Degradation
J. Konrad, F. Vakilipoor, M. Schäfer
Abstract: Chemotactic signaling in Dictyostelium cells (Dictys) relies on secretion, diffusion, and degradation of cyclic adenosine monophosphat (cAMP) molecules to enable collective cell responses. This process involves coupled intracellular signaling and extracellular regulation through enzymatic degradation of cAMP by secreted phosphodiesterase (PDE). To capture these interactions, we propose an agent-based modelling (ABM) approach consisting of an environment and agents. The environment takes into account the spatial stochastic dynamics such as diffusion and reaction for intercellular molecular communication (MC). The cells are modeled as autonomous agents governed by chemical reaction networks for cAMP synthesis and PDE production. Both types of molecules are secreted into the environment, where they are affected by diffusion and enzymatic degradation. A transmitter–receiver scenario involving two cells is investigated. Upon binding of extracellular cAMP secreted by the transmitter cell to receptors on the receiver cell, the receiver initiates cAMP synthesis and secretion, thereby elevating the extracellular cAMP level. The coupled amplification of cAMP by the receiver and its enzymatic degradation by PDE regulates signal persistence in the environment, enabling reliable detection of cAMP signal without uncontrolled accumulation of it. From an MC perspective, extracellular cAMP degradation by PDE functions analogously to a natural mechanism for limiting channel memory, thereby mitigating inter-symbol interference arising from residual signaling molecules.
11:45 – 13:15 Lunch
13:15 – 14:00 Keynote: Design, Analysis, and Prototype of Signal Processing Circuits for Molecular Communication Systems
Yansha Deng, King’s College London Online
14:00 – 14:30 Coffee Break
14:30 – 16:00 Technical Session 4: MC Channel Modeling & DetectionChair: Saswati Pal
14:30
Joint Detection and Correlation Analysis in Diffusion-Based Molecular Communication
K.K. Pandey, N.V. Sabu, A.K. Gupta Online
Abstract: In this paper, we model the single transmitter bionanomachine (TBN) and multiple passive receiver bionanomachines (RBNs), spatially distributed throughout the medium. The TBN emits the signaling molecules (SMs) initially which reaches the RBNs via diffusion. The signal is detected when the concentration of SMs inside the RBN reaches a certain threshold. We derive the detection probability (DP), which measures the probability that the concentration inside a RBN exceeds a threshold at a given time. The results show that the spatial distribution of SMs at a given time strongly influence the DP. These results guide the design of more efficient MC networks for synthetic biology, targeted drug delivery, and nanosensing.
14:45
Channel Modeling for Time-Varying Dispersive Closed-Loop MC Systems with Pulsatile Flow
T. Symeonidis, F. Vakilipoor, R. Schober, N. Tuccitto, M. Schäfer
Abstract: Molecular communication (MC) is a communication paradigm in which information is conveyed through the controlled release and propagation of molecules. Especially in in-body application environments, the channel topology is closedloop, and particle propagation is determined by the joint influence of diffusion and pulsatile flow induced by the heartbeat. However, most existing analytical models for dispersive closedloop MC channels assume a constant flow velocity, whereas flows in biological environments are inherently pulsatile. Therefore, in this paper, we present a time-varying one-dimensional (1D) channel model for closed-loop MC systems under pulsatile flow, operating in the dispersive regime. An analytical expression for the channel impulse response (CIR) is derived, resulting in a wrapped Normal distribution with time-variant mean and variance. The proposed model is validated by comparison to three-dimensional (3D) particle-based simulation (PBS) results.
15:00
Propagation Characteristics of Permeable MC Channels
M. Gattringer, M. Frauenlob, F. Selinger, S. Angerbauer, M. Hamidovic, A. Springer, W. Haselmayr
Abstract: In this work, we investigate the diffusive leakage from capillary channels into the surrounding environment. We propose an approach to estimate the state of the surrounding environment during communication by exploiting this leakage. Furthermore, we introduce a novel design of a macro-scale testbed to experimentally investigate this phenomenon.
15:15
Performance of Ratio-Shift Keying Modulation for Diffusive Molecular Communication Scenarios
M. Ahuja, A.K. Gupta, R. Rastogi
Abstract: Molecular communication (MC) is a promising communication paradigm that utilizes molecules as information carriers, mimicking natural biological processes. Out of various modulations to encode information onto signaling molecules, on-off keying (OOK) modulation has gained popularity due to its simplicity and efficiency. However, when the channel is unknown, for example, in cases where nodes are mobile, the OOK modulation-based MC systems suffer from a high bit error probability. In this paper, we investigate dynamic MC system with mobile transmit and receiver devices. We consider a variant of ratio-shift-keying (RSK) where the information is encoded in the ratio of the concentration of two different types of signaling molecules with the same propagation characteristics. We derive the optimal maximum likelihood (ML) decoder for OOK and RSK-based MC system. We also present a simpler representation of the optimal decoder under the Poisson assumption and show that the ML decoder for RSK modulation doesn’t require channel information, in contrast with the ML decoder for OOK-based MC systems. We further investigate the bit error rate for the considered system. We show that RSK performs better than OOK in a dynamic MC system where the channel varies with time. This is because the ratio of the concentrations of the two types of information molecules is preserved at the receiver, offering improved robustness to variations in channel conditions. Therefore, RSK comes to the rescue in case of unknown or difficult to estimate channel environments. Via numerical investigations, we present various design insights, including optimal symbol design, and the gain of RSK over OOK as a function of node mobility.
15:30
Modeling Electric-Field Induced Modulation of Ligand-Receptor Binding Kinetics Towards Adaptive MC Receivers
B. Sevindik, E. Akyol, M.K. Zadeh, M. Kuscu
Abstract: We present a first-principles model for electric-field-controlled DNA hybridization on biosensor surfaces based on Scheutjens-Fleer self-consistent field (SF-SCF) theory. The model derives voltage-dependent probe layer structure by solving the Edwards diffusion equation coupled with Poisson-Boltzmann electrostatics iteratively until self-consistency. Hybridization kinetics are computed via the Halperin-Buhot-Zhulina framework augmented with electrophoretic contributions. We introduce a mechanistic asymmetry wherein association is treated as nucleation-limited, while dissociation is governed by the field-dependent stability of the full duplex. The model predicts sharp transitions between hybridizing and non-hybridizing regimes, offering a theoretical foundation for adaptive MC receivers.
15:45
Intrinsic MIMO Particle Communication Channel with Random Advection
F. Merdan, O.B. Akan
Abstract: Molecular communication (MC) has emerged as a promising paradigm for information exchange in environments where conventional electromagnetic communication is infeasible, such as biological systems and microfluidic platforms. Early studies in MC predominantly focused on diffusion-driven channels, where molecular propagation is isotropic and inherently slow. Advection has been mostly discussed as a means of increasing the speed of propagation and reducing the channel memory, and as a constant property of the channel. However, random advection with a strong mean direction can preserve pulse ordering, making advection-dominated MC particularly attractive for pulse-based modulation schemes, where information is conveyed through the timing, shape, or orthogonality of released molecular pulses. It is demonstrated that under directed advection, the spatial dispersion induced by random transverse flow results in multiple distinct receiver observations of the same transmitted pulse. This perspective motivates an interpretation of MC as an intrinsically MIMO system, where diversity arises naturally from spatial sampling of the particle cloud rather than from multiple transmitters or molecule types. The purpose of this study is to provide a structured framework for understanding how receiver diversity can be exploited in pulse-based molecular communication under random advection. Several receiver combining strategies are evaluated, and their impact on symbol error rate (SER) is studied through Monte Carlo simulations. Results demonstrate that multi-receiver diversity can improve detection performance, especially in low-to-moderate signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regimes, even when individual receiver observations are highly noisy.
16:00 – 16:10 Short Break
16:10 – 16:50 Ideation Session
17:00 – 18:00 Research Center / Laboratory Visit
Guided tour of research facilities at Koç University
Evening Social Dinner
Therapia Restaurant Tarabya
Day 3 — Friday, 17 April 2026 | Tower 2nd Floor
Daily Programme
08:30 – 09:00 Registration
09:00 – 10:00 Invited Talk: Decoding the Body’s Signals: Wearable Microneedle and Ultrasound Interfaces
Levent Beker, Koç University
10:00 – 10:30 Coffee Break
10:30 – 12:00 Technical Session 5: Airborne, Plant & Environmental MCChair: Jorge Torres Gómez
10:30
Experimental Characterization of Impact of Paint-Like Solvent Backgrounds on Indoor Airborne Molecular Communication
K. Zhu, S. Carkit-Yilmaz, B. Heinlein, Y.L. Pham, V. Jamali, R. Schober, H. Loos, A. Buettner
Abstract: Airborne molecular communication (AMC) systems are often subjected to persistent interfering volatile organic compounds (VOCs) originating from paints and coated surfaces in indoor environments. These background chemicals affect metal oxide (MOX) sensor outputs together with the actively released signaling molecules, because of cross-sensitivity, creating drifting sensor-output baselines, and memory-dependent effects that standard AMC models do not address. This study experimentally investigates how a common paint solvent (n-butyl acetate) and alcohol signaling pulses (ethanol) jointly affect an AMC system with MOX sensors. Using a static chamber and a controlled-airflow setup, we examine ethanol pulses in clean air, solvent backgrounds, superimposed signal-background conditions, and different exposure sequences. The measurements show that paint-related VOCs cause slowly varying baseline shifts that reduce ethanol pulse contrast, slow down recovery, and introduce exposure sequence dependent responses. This letter provides an experimental characterization of solvent-background interference and memory effects in MOX sensors-based AMC receivers.
10:45
Channel Modeling and Experimental Validation of Odor-Based Molecular Communication Systems
A.B. Kilic, F.E. Bilgen, O.B. Akan
Abstract: Odor-based Molecular Communication (OMC) employs odor molecules to convey information, contributing to the realization of the Internet of Everything (IoE) vision. Despite this, the practical deployment of OMC systems is currently limited by the lack of comprehensive channel models that accurately characterize particle propagation in diverse environments. While existing literature explores various aspects of molecular transport, a holistic approach that integrates theoretical modeling with experimental validation for bounded channels remains underdeveloped. In this paper, we address this gap by proposing mathematical frameworks for both bounded and unbounded OMC channels. To verify the accuracy of the proposed models, we develop a novel experimental testbed and conduct an extensive performance analysis. Our results demonstrate a strong correlation between the theoretical derivations and experimental data, providing a robust foundation for the design and analysis of future end-to-end OMC systems.
11:00
End-to-End Modeling of Plant-to-Plant Communication via Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds
M. Genoni, G. Lecce, S. Kuriry, K.R. Gorla, M. Magarini, S. Mura
Abstract not yet available.
11:15
Information Theoretic Modeling of Interspecies Molecular Communication
B. Maitra, M. Kuscu, O.B. Akan
Abstract: Plants and insects communicate using chemical signals like volatile organic compounds (VOCs). A plant encodes information using different blends of VOCs, which propagate through the air to represent different symbolic information. This communication occurs in a noisy environment, characterized by wind, distance, and complex biological reactions. At the receiver, cross-reactive olfactory receptors produce stochastic binding events whose discretized durations form the receiver observation. In this paper, an information-theoretic framework is developed to model interspecies molecular communication (MC), where receptor responses are modeled probabilistically using a multinomial distribution. Numerical results show that the communication depends on environmental parameters such as wind speed, distance, and the number of released molecules. The proposed framework provides fundamental insights into the VOC-based interspecies communication under realistic biological and environmental conditions.
11:30
Network Signal Analysis for Engineering Multitrophic Plant Health Communication Systems
I. Darwish, D. Ryan, T. Kakouli-Duarte, D. Martins Online
Abstract: Sustainable agriculture is increasingly dependent on the soil microbiota to reduce synthetic chemical inputs. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) and plant growth–promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are promising agents for pest control and plant health enhancement, yet their co-culture poses design challenges. This work models an EPN–PGPR co-culture as a multitrophic network and applies graph signal processing to analyse interaction dynamics. The results reveal storage-induced structural fragilities and provide a principled basis for optimising experimental design, supporting robust development toward scalable, sustainable plant health applications.
11:45
On the Feasibility of a Plant-Based Air Quality System Modeled via Molecular Communication for Green Smart Homes
K.R. Gorla, S. Mura, M. Magarini
Abstract: Indoor air quality in urban homes is influenced by multiple airborne pollutants, including volatile organic compounds (VOCs), carbon dioxide (CO₂), and fine particulate matter (PM) originating from indoor activities and outdoor sources such as vehicular traffic. Although mechanical air filtration systems are effective, they are energy-intensive and offer limited spatial awareness of pollutant dynamics. In this paper, we explore the feasibility of a plant-based indoor–outdoor air quality system modeled through the lens of molecular communication (MC). Pollutants are abstracted as information-carrying molecular species, plants as spatially distributed receivers with absorption and sensing capabilities, and residential spaces as bounded diffusion-dominated channels. This abstraction enables the reuse of MC models to reason about pollutant propagation, assess the feasibility of plant placement, and explore early-stage design trade-offs. Unlike large-scale urban or industrial environments, residential settings operate in confined geometries where diffusion-driven modeling is more applicable, making them well-suited for MC-inspired analysis. Rather than optimizing plant species or placement, this work positions MC as a unifying framework to evaluate feasibility and identify open challenges toward greener, bio-integrated smart home environments.
12:00 – 12:15 Closing Remarks & Handover
12:15 – 13:15 Lunch
Keynotes, Tutorial & Invited Talk
★ Opening KeynoteSmall-scale Medical Robots down to Cell Size inside Our Body
Wednesday, 15 April · 09:30–10:30
Metin Sitti

Prof. Metin Sitti, Koç University, Turkey

Abstract: Wireless small-scale medical robots have the unique capability of navigating, operating and staying inside hard-to-reach, tight, risky and deep sites inside our body. This talk reports our recent milli- and microscale wireless miniature medical robots down to cell size that could achieve various minimally invasive medical functions, such as targeted active drug delivery, neural stimulation, clot opening, liquid biopsy, biofluid pumping, cauterization, and hyperthermia. Due to miniaturization limitations on on-board actuation, powering, sensing, computing and communication, new materials and methods need to be introduced in creating and controlling such robots. Moreover, they need to be tracked under medical imaging modalities, such as ultrasound, fluoroscopy, photoacoustic imaging, and MRI, for their precise and safe operation. 3D microprinting and assembly-based fabrication methods and biocompatible and multifunctional soft composites with embedded micro/nanomaterials are proposed to create novel medical milli/microrobots. Soft-bodied medical miniature robot designs enable active shape programming-based adaptive, multimodal and multifunctional navigation and functions, and safe operation. External physical forces, such as magnetic fields, acoustic waves and light, and physical or chemical (e.g., catalytic) interactions with the operation medium are used to actuate and steer such miniature robots wirelessly as a single robot or robot collectives. These robots are aimed to save lives of more patients by curing diseases not possible or hard to cure and decrease the side effects and invasiveness of disease treatments drastically.

Bio: Prof. Dr. Metin Sitti is the President and Professor of Koç University in Istanbul, Turkey since fall 2023. Formerly, he was a Director of the Physical Intelligence Department at Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Germany (2014-2023), Professor at ETH Zurich, Switzerland (2020-2024), Professor at Carnegie Mellon University, USA (2002-2014), and Research Scientist at UC Berkeley, USA (1999-2002). He received his BSc (1992) and MSc (1994) degrees from Boğaziçi University, Turkey, and PhD degree from University of Tokyo, Japan (1999). His research interests include wireless medical devices, small-scale mobile robots, bioinspiration, and physical intelligence. He is a member of National Academy of Engineering in USA, Academy Europea, and Max Planck Society (2014-2023). He received the Highly Cited Researcher recognition (2021-2024), Frontiers of Science Award (2025), Materials Science Leader Award (2023-2025), Breakthrough of the Year Award in the Falling Walls World Science Summit (2020), ERC Advanced Grant (2019), Rahmi Koç Science Medal (2018), SPIE Nanoengineering Pioneer Award (2011), and NSF CAREER Award (2005). He has supervised and mentored over 70 (18 current) PhD students and 80 (10 current) postdocs, where over 65 of his group alumni are professors around the world. He has published 2 books and over 420 journal articles and has over 30 patents. He founded Setex Technologies Inc. to commercialize his lab’s gecko-inspired microfiber adhesive technology. He is the editor-in-chief of Journal of Micro-Bio Robotics journal and associate editor in Science Advances journal.

★ KeynoteBuilding Synthetic Versions of Living Cells: The Role of Engineered Inter and Intra-Cellular Communication Pathways
Thursday, 16 April · 09:00–10:00
Yuval Elani

Prof. Yuval Elani, Imperial College London, UK

Abstract: Synthetic cells (SynCells) are bio‑inspired micromachines built from molecular components, designed to mimic the form and function of living cells. They are emerging as powerful tools—both as simplified models for understanding biology and as programmable microdevices with exciting potential in industrial and clinical biotechnology.

Yet despite their promise, today’s SynCells remain behaviourally limited. This is largely because they lack robust mechanisms for communication within a cell (between compartments) and between cells (with neighbouring synthetic or living cells). Without these communication pathways, SynCells cannot exhibit the rich, emergent behaviours characteristic of natural cellular communities.

In this talk, I will describe our recent efforts to overcome these barriers. We employ microfluidic assembly lines to build SynCells with diverse architectures and finely tuned communication channels—both intercellular and intracellular. These advances allow us to engineer a new generation of SynCells with biomimetic, stimulus‑responsive behaviours. For example, we create synthetic cells that detect external cues such as temperature, light, and magnetic fields, and initiate controlled biochemical responses. We also engineer SynCells capable of quorum sensing, enabling collective decision‑making. Together, these developments bring us closer to synthetic cellular systems capable of cooperation, coordination, and emergent function.

Bio: Prof. Yuval Elani is a UKRI Future Leaders Fellow and Reader (Associate Professor) in Chemical Engineering at Imperial College London. He previously held EPSRC and Imperial Research Fellowships in Chemistry at Imperial and studied Natural Sciences at the University of Cambridge. He is a leading expert in synthetic cells, microfluidics, BioHybrids, synthetic biology, lipid nanoparticle design, and membrane engineering. Since earning his PhD in 2015, he has secured numerous large-scale grants to conduct both frontier and applied research in these areas and has developed a broad portfolio of collaborations with clinicians and industry (Syngenta, GSK, P&G, AstraZeneca, Neobe). He has won multiple prizes and medals for his research breakthroughs, including the Parliamentary and Scientific Committee Roscoe Medal, Rita & John Cornforth Medal, Felix Franks Medal for Biotechnology, IChemE Nicklin Medal, and the RSC Harrison-Meldola Memorial Prize. His work has been recognised by the World Economic Forum, which selected him to be part of their Young Scientist Community (50 under 40 worldwide) as well as by the Lister Institute for Preventive Medicine, where he is a Fellow. He is co-director of the Membrane Biophysics Platform and co-founder and member of the executive of fabriCELL.

★ KeynoteDesign, Analysis, and Prototype of Signal Processing Circuits for Molecular Communication Systems
Thursday, 16 April · 13:15–14:00
Yansha Deng

Prof. Yansha Deng, King’s College London, UK Online

Abstract: Molecular communication (MC) is an emerging interdisciplinary field that explores the exchange of information using chemical molecules, mimicking the communication processes found in biological systems. MC research holds immense potential in emerging applications, such as medicine and biosensing, where traditional electromagnetic-based communications would be either unsafe or impractical. While MC theory has had major developments in recent years, more practical aspects in designing components capable of MC functionalities remain less explored. In this talk, we present recent advances in the design, analysis, and prototyping of signal processing circuits tailored for MC systems. We explore two complementary approaches: microfluidic circuits based on chemical reactions and synthetic biology circuits employing engineered genetic networks. We demonstrate modular microfluidic architectures capable of implementing fundamental communication functions such as modulation and demodulation. We also introduce the experimental Microfluidic Molecular Communication (MIMIC) platform, which enables real-time processing, long-distance transmission, and adaptive communication via chemical reactions. Furthermore, we showcase a genetically engineered multicellular system that realizes concentration shift keying through spatially distributed logic gates. Together, these experimental platforms lay the groundwork for future intelligent biological systems and scalable molecular networks.

Bio: Dr Yansha Deng is a Professor in the Department of Engineering at King’s College London, London, United Kingdom since 2025. She received her Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Queen Mary University of London, U.K., in 2015. From 2015 to 2017, she was a Post-Doctoral Research Fellow with King’s College London, U.K. She has secured more than £4 million of research funding as the principal investigator and has received the ERC Starting Grant and EPSRC NIA award. She has published 120+ journal papers and 60+ IEEE/ACM conference papers. Her research interests include molecular communication and machine learning for 5G/6G wireless networks. She was a recipient of the Best Paper Awards from ICC 2016 and GLOBECOM 2017 as the first author, and the IEEE Communications Society Best Young Researcher Award for the Europe, Middle East, and Africa Region 2021. She has been the Senior Editor of IEEE Communications Letters since 2020, the Associate Editor of IEEE Transactions on Communications since 2017, the Associate Editor of IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials since 2022, the Associate Editor of IEEE Transactions on Machine Learning in Communications and Networking since 2022, the Associate Editor of IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological and Multi-scale Communications since 2019, the Associate Editor of IEEE Open Journal of Communications Society since 2019 and the Vertical Area Editor of IEEE Internet of Things Magazine since 2021.

● TutorialA Fantastic Voyage to Next-Generation Molecular Communications: Navigating from Theoretical Concepts to a Clinically-applicable Technology
Wednesday, 15 April · 14:00–16:00
Andreani Odysseos

Prof. Andreani Odysseos, EPOS-Iasis, Cyprus

Abstract: Molecular Communications (MC) are evolving as a supradiscipline of bioinspired Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). The next breakthroughs in Molecular Communication will greatly depend on the deep understanding of complex diseases, epitomized by brain pathologies. This can be achieved by delineating underlying cellular and sub-cellular processes in the context of interactive bionanomachines and their comprehensive management with controllable diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. Disciplines highly sought in the search of bionanomachines performing inter- or intracellular communication and interfaces between internal and external environments, span across ICT and Wireless Communication, enabling Outmessages and Inmessages; Synthetic Biology & Genetic Engineering supported by Microfluidics, generating biosensors, bioamplifiers and therapeutic cells; Electronics Engineering & Nanotechnology supporting miniaturized wearable and implantable devices as actuators and detectors, integrated via controllers by means of AI with Deep and Machine Learning.

Translation of MC theoretical models to (pre)clinically applicable technologies require customised test-beds and advanced validation systems, pre-defining and analysing molecular signal metrics. Disease diagnostics and therapeutics are greatly dependent on biomarker detection and quantification, driven by spatiotemporal disease evolution and underlying molecular pathways enabled by spatial transcriptomics and/or proteomics technologies, defining suitable bio-nanomachines and nanonetworks. Layered architectures can be translated to multi-layer disease models merging tissue engineering and biology for robust interrogation of contextual drug efficacy. As a major prerequisite remains the building of a highly biomimetic and robust MC environment. Environmental cues present in spatially graded doses orchestrated in chemotaxis, topotaxis, haptotaxis or durotaxis systems define the requirements for models recapitulating the 3-dimensional topographic complexity across multiple scales of size and organization. Ultimately, achieving reproducible interfaces in the living animal with the implementation of adhesive molecules in sustained systems of optically active biomolecules also eliciting reproducible and quantifiable signals, paves the way to next generation MC with high potential for clinical applicability.

Bio: Andreani D. Odysseos, Medical and Molecular Oncologist, a member of the Harvard Club of Cyprus and co-founder and Research Director of EPOS-Iasis, R&D, leads revolutionary translational research in nano-biotechnology, Externally Controllable Molecular Communications for Sensing and Therapy for Cancer and Brain Pathologies, including wearable and implantable theranostic devices. Her current research crosses the boundaries of clinically applicable Digital Twins and the Internet of BioThings. She is a Graduate of Athens University Medical School with graduate as well as research and clinical post-doctoral studies at Dana–Farber Cancer Institute and Fred-Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; as 1st Prize recipient of CyEC under a special Academic position at the University of Cyprus she established a vibrant Innovative SME for Cell Therapies and Hybrid Nano-theranostics. Dr Odysseos has attracted funding amassing €~8.0 M, including MSCAs, IMI, R&I Actions and three most prestigious EIC Pathfinder Grants. Her findings in Optical Biosensing Interfaces and Targeted Nano-therapeutics are secured in 8 patents (5US, 2EPO, 1WIPO) and are published in peer-reviewed papers, book chapters and monographs. Her work integrating biomedical sciences, biomedical engineering and artificial intelligence and her contribution to clinically applicable emerging technologies has been acknowledged with an honorary membership by the International Academy for Medical Education (IAMED).

◆ Invited TalkDecoding the Body’s Signals: Wearable Microneedle and Ultrasound Interfaces
Friday, 17 April · 09:00–10:00
Levent Beker

Prof. Levent Beker, Koç University, Turkey

Abstract: Wearable devices that can continuously read the body’s signals promise to reshape how we detect and manage disease. In this talk, I will present two sensing approaches developed in our lab. First, I will describe microneedle-based devices that penetrate the skin to access interstitial fluid and track clinically relevant biomarkers in real time. I will then discuss wearable ultrasound platforms designed for continuous, cuff-free blood pressure monitoring and non-invasive bladder volume assessment. For each platform, I will share our fabrication strategy and results from human studies.

Bio: Levent Beker is an Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Koç University, where he directs the Bio-Integrated Microdevices Lab (BMDL). He received his PhD in Mechanical Engineering from the University of California, Berkeley (2017) and completed postdoctoral training in the Department of Chemical Engineering at Stanford University (2017–2019). His awards include an ERC Starting Grant, an ERC Proof of Concept Grant, a Marie Skłodowska-Curie (MSCA) Fellowship, and a TÜBİTAK 2232 Fellowship. His research spans wearable and implantable medical devices, MEMS-based transducers, flexible electronics, and biosensors.